Environmental Struggles

Case Studies of the Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam Conflict in India

Abstract

The construction of dams has significant environmental impacts, disrupting natural ecosystems and affecting biodiversity. Large-scale dam projects often lead to the submergence of vast areas of forest land, wetlands, and agricultural fields, resulting in the loss of valuable habitats for flora and fauna. The creation of reservoirs can alter water quality, affect fish migration, and reduce water availability for downstream communities. Water accumulates on the upstream side of the dam, potentially causing the inundation (flooding) of land, including forested areas. The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) and Tehri Dam conflicts exemplify the complex challenges of development-induced displacement in India. This struggle influenced human rights discourse internationally and resulted in the creation of the World Bank Inspection Panel. Similarly, the Tehri Dam project exposed the disproportionate impact of displacement on tribal groups, indigenous groups, and women, stressing the need for inclusive resettlement policies. These movements have evolved from local resistance to multi-scalar campaigns, challenging the prevailing development paradigm and advocating for alternative approaches that prioritise human rights and environmental sustainability. This article examines the environmental and social impacts of the Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam protests, focusing on the displacement of local communities and the resistance movements that emerged in response to these projects. By analysing the environmental consequences of dam construction, such as habitat loss and ecological disruption, as well as the social implications for affected populations, including marginalised groups like tribals, the article sheds light on the broader challenges of development-induced displacement in India.