Summerhill: IIAS Review

Editor's Note

2025-07-19T07:53:49+0530

Buddhism in the Western Himalayan Region as Revealed from the Literary & Archaeological Sources

2025-07-19T08:05:10+0530

The very thought of the Buddhist western Himalayas makes one's imagination flash back to the nascent days of Indian history when Buddhism had become a religion of the masses in north India. The circumstantial evidence suggests that the message of the Buddha echoed in the western Himalayan region on both sides of the Great Divide within a few decades after the Great Decease (544 BCE) through the missionary activities of the Sthavirs, but in the absence of evidence, nothing is known about that. However, the recent archaeological evidences affirm the pre-Ashokan existence of institutionalised Buddhism in Kashmir. The discovery of the Buddhist vihar at Soura, which King Surendra built and the Buddhist devices on the ancient coins of ancient janpads and oligarchies of this region are some of such pieces of evidence. Under Emperor Ashoka, the regional Buddhist Magadha Sangh emerged as a pan-Indian religion, and Buddhism established its institutional infrastructure in the entire western Himalayan region. Because of the Sarvastivadi philosophical ideology of the Kashmiri Buddhists, several Buddhist monks from Kashmir were invited by the emperor to participate in the Third Great Council convened at Pataliputra. In that Council, the decision was taken to send missions to different geographical regions. The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-Tsang has spoken at length about the Buddhist missionary and institutional activities of the Emperor Ashoka in Kashmir and its tributaries, and the Kullu kingdom (K'iu-lu-to) in the inner Beas Valley of this region. King Menander, a contemporary of Pushyamitra Shunga (c. BCE 187-151), remained always conscious of the anti-Buddhist views of the Shunga king, and he effectively buttressed the anti-Buddhist influences entering his territory. The Greek potentate extended whole-hearted patronage to Buddhism in his empire. The coins issued by King Menander aptly bore a Buddhist device, the dharmachakra and a legend, Basileus Soteros Menandros. It was because of his patronage of Buddhism that many vihars came up in the upper Kangra region. After the Indo-Greek King Menander, the next important kings responsible for the propagation of Buddhism in the western Himalayan region and beyond its frontiers were again the aliens – the Indo-Scythians, Kushans. The Buddhism that the Kushan emperor Kanishka propagated was a popular version of the cloistered philosophical concept. That popular version was developed on the pan- Asian scale as Mahayan Buddhism under his patronage. Thus, in the western Himalayan region, Buddhism was cast into a popular mould for the first time. It was from Magadh in the central Gangetic basin that the Buddhist doctrine proliferated under Emperor Ashoka, but it was from Gandhar that the Buddhist philosophical doctrine of the BCE era emerged in flesh and blood, duly clad in the loose toga-like robe.

The Art of Combat

2025-07-19T08:50:10+0530

This paper explores the principles and responsibilities governing warriors in ancient India, mainly through the lens of Dhanurveda and the broader cultural and ethical frameworks of the time. It delves into the practical elements alongside the philosophical aspects while emphasising a holistic approach to warfare that encompasses physical skills, strategic thinking, ethical conduct, and the integration of martial knowledge with moral responsibilities. The ancient texts serve as historical records and sources of philosophical insights on the art and science of warfare in ancient India, encouraging
a deeper understanding of the Yudha Niti2 (War Ethos) in the context of dharma3 and karma4. The epics like the Mahabharata and the Ramayana demonstrate the interplay of dharma and martial duty. Characters like Arjuna and Rama grapple with dilemmas of duty and righteousness in battle, highlighting the conflict between personal morals and societal responsibilities. In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna instructs Arjuna on his duty as a Kshatriya (Warrior) and the importance of fulfilling one’s dharma above personal interests or fears, underscoring the spiritual aspect of martial engagement. Kautilya’s Arthashastra, written in the 4th century BCE, is one of the most significant ancient Indian texts on statecraft, military strategy, and economics and, therefore, serves as a comprehensive treatise that not only addresses the art of combat but also integrates military strategy with broader themes of governance and human psychology. It remains a relevant and influential work in the study of statecraft and military affairs, and its insights into the complexitiesof warfare continue to be explored in contemporary contexts. Incidentally, the International Humanitarian Law (IHL), also known as the Law of Armed Conflict, governs the conduct of modern armed conflict and seeks to limit its effects, particularly on non-combatants and civilians. Eventually, the relationship between the current IHL and the ancient Indian martial arts needs to be explored, especially in the context of ethical conduct in warfare, with emphasis on the principles of dharma (righteousness) and karma (duty) in combat that shaped ancient Indian martial practices and guided warriors in their training and conduct in battle. Before expounding further, we should thoroughly understand the art of combat in the Indian context.

Patachitra

2025-07-19T09:03:20+0530

Patachitra, a traditional folk art of Bengal, represents a distinctive form of visual storytelling that integrates oral narratives and painted scrolls. Rooted in the indigenous practices of the Patua and Chitrakar communities, this living heritage reflects the cultural, historical, and social dimensions of Bengal. The art form has served as a medium for both religious and contemporary themes, encompassing mythology, folklore, social issues, and modern concerns. The paintings are created using natural pigments derived from plants and minerals, reinforcing a deep ecological connection. However, it has faced challenges due to urbanisation, digital media, and the socio-economic marginalisation of its practitioners. An attempt has been made to understand the significance of this living tradition, the continuity and changes in the scroll painting process, its regional variations, and the modern threats it faces. Additionally, this study highlights how preservation efforts, such as government support, exhibitions, and community-driven initiatives, have played a crucial role in sustaining this art form. Patachitra remains a vital link between the past and present of Bengal, embodying its rich oral and visual traditions.

Mandela

2025-07-19T09:14:49+0530

The article examines the problem of using the mandala as a design module for creating Buddhist temples in Mongolia. The authors explore the adaptive features of Buddhism in Mongolia and analyse the possibilities of the mandala as a module for designing a Mongolian temple. Based on the works of Lokesh Chandra, the authors choose the mandala dedicated to the deity Chakra Samvara as an empirical component, which becomes widespread in Buddhist Mongolia due to its compliance with the basis of the Mongolian worldview. The theoretical theses of the authors are confirmed in the recreation of a conventional temple in the traditions of the yurt Mongolian temples of the 18th century.

Timeless Teachings

2025-07-19T09:26:23+0530

In the most remote part of Himachal Pradesh lies the picturesque village of Garli, which has managed to preserve the cultural and traditional traditions of its residents, giving everyone a unique opportunity to experience life as it was decades ago. The village is home to the remarkable heritage hotel, Chateau Garli, which bears witness to the rich history and customs of the people who once lived there. This well-preserved structure is both an architectural marvel and a living museum, displaying the artistry, craftsmanship, and sustainable living practices of a bygone era. This study utilises information gathered from multiple interviews with locals and the current owners of the heritage hotel to shed light on the enduring impact of Garli’s cultural practices. Traditional practices enabled the inhabitants of Garli to adapt to their environment long before the advent of modern technology. By utilising their deep understanding of the area’s resources and expertise, the villagers came up with creative and long-term answers to their everyday problems. Using artefacts and architectural details as evidence, this study aims to show how these practices reflect a sustainable and resourceful way of life. Chateau Garli acts as a bridge between the two worlds, allowing us to learn about the bygone era while also preserving the village’s history. The customs and traditions of communities that once lived in harmony with their surroundings can help us better understand them. The study emphasises the importance of preserving cultural heritage to promote sustainability and pass on valuable knowledge to future generations.

Echo of Tradition

2025-07-19T11:21:12+0530

The Brij region of Uttar Pradesh, particularly Vrindavan and Mathura, serves as the place of origin of Sanjhi art, an ancient religious tradition deeply rooted in India’s Vaishnavite heritage. This elaborate folk craft employs organic components such as blossoms, foliage, and pigmented earths. It functions as an artistic and visual portrayal of legendary stories centred on Lord Krishna. This cultural practice exemplifies India’s rich artistic heritage through its distinctive fusion of spiritual devotion and aesthetic expression. Nevertheless, given the emergence of contemporary influences and rapidly changing social environments, this holy craft confronts the threat of extinction. This research examines the chronological development, religious and social significance, artistic characteristics, and contemporary challenges facing Sanjhi art. It also investigates ongoing conservation initiatives and promotes a renewed communal commitment to protecting this endangered tradition. Through this analysis, the paper emphasises the convergence of heritage and progress while stressing the urgent need to integrate traditional culture into current artistic and scholarly dialogue.

The Guru-Shishya Prampara Among Chiteras of Kangra School of Painting

2025-07-19T11:34:21+0530

When humans first entered this world, they must have gazed in wonder, much like an innocent child, at the divine splendour of the vast and vibrant universe surrounding them. As they began to comprehend their existence between the endless expanse of sky and earth, they sought expressions to capture their experiences visually and unknowingly became prehistoric artists. Indian art, at its core, presents a magnificent panorama of human evolution, narrating the gradual transformation of mankind through various historical epochs and reaching its zenith. Among the diverse artistic traditions that evolved through time, the Kangra Miniature painting originated approximately 300 years ago and still maintains a significant position. With its distinctive and enigmatic techniques, vivid application of pigments, bold and lyrical brushwork, and its spiritual power, this art form continues to be a wellspring of inspiration and wonder for art connoisseurs around the globe. The Guru-Shishya Parampara bears immense importance in safeguarding and transferring this art form across generations. This paper investigates how artisans from the Kangra region have preserved this artistic legacy and transmitted cultural stories. It also analyses the exceptional materials and practices employed in the creative procedure and their significance in upholding the stylistic character of this esteemed school of painting.

Who Breathes Life into Mountain Music and Dance

2025-07-19T11:50:25+0530

While the sites of rituals in the Western Himalayas, such as weddings and festivals, still present what are considered more ‘folkic’ ways of musicking, there is also an erasure of the same, often found in the same places. One of the things shared by the categories of belief, ritual, and music is the concept of landscape, expressed in different orders and capacities. Owing to the large ambit of Western Himalayan folk performance, which exceeds its formalization, it would be reductive to develop a definitively exhaustive syntagmatic structure that ‘aptly’ grasps its workings. One could, however, identify a paradigmatic structure to understand alterities and oppositions through which music attains function and becomes an interface through which topographies become landscapes. The biggest paradigm that watches over the consensus of the locale, which generates and presents traditions as living traditions, is that of the state, particularly in Himachal Pradesh. The formation of Himachal as a particular entity of India has been peculiar. In that, it has been an event, not to reorder the pre-existing thrust of Brahmanism, but to buy into and regenerate it. The idea of secularism associated with modernity has brought the Brahmanical to the modern project that is Himachal Pradesh. The effects of Brahmanism, in connection with the state, can be seen in the putting-touse of, and regulations on the cultural labour of the folk musician and the landscapes generated by extension. This also urges one to think beyond a singular category of ‘Pahari music’, which almost becomes an empty signifier, incapable of containing the multitude of working traditions, ranging from different strands of recorded music, to both ritualistic and unexceptional instances ofmusic performance, brought to life by the same paradigm that distinguishes them. The themes of landscape, ritual, memory and tradition must then be seen as being presented by and to the workings of this paradigm in the pre-recorded, the recorded and the un-recordable.

Deep Ecology and Indigenous Practices in the Central Himalayas

2025-07-19T12:01:49+0530

This study explores how the people of Uttarakhand have preserved their indigenous knowledge through folklore and customs. It also examines the links between the philosophy of Deep Ecology and these cultural components. It highlights the coexistence of cultural traditions and environmental conservation initiatives with potent instances. The study emphasises that deep empathy and appreciation for nature lead to a better natural environment.

Cultural Significance of Select Proverbs of Shimla District in Himachal Pradesh

2025-07-19T12:17:38+0530

Himachal Pradesh is a hilly state in northern India with a rich cultural heritage and diverse folklore tradition. Its folklore is an embodiment of its cultural practices reflecting the beliefs, values, and customs of its equally diverse communities. Folkloric traditions of the state encompass a wide range of cultural expressions including oral traditions, music, dance, rituals, and festivals. These cultural practices have been passed down through generations and serve to preserve the cultural identity of the communities of the state. Folk wisdom and practical knowledge embedded in traditional practices are communicated through various modes, and the folkloric form of proverbs is a popular, practical, and convenient way of transference and comprehension for the masses. Proverbs serve not only as precepts for the people and cultural manuals for posterity, but they also help in the preservation and growth of a language. This paper seeks to analyse the cultural significance of a few selected proverbs as repositories of folk wisdom and culture in Shimla District of Himachal Pradesh. Although, researchers in the past have attempted to study various other performative forms of oral traditions, such as folk dance, folk songs, and folk theatre of the district, yet verbal genres, such as proverbs have remained largely unexplored in English Studies. The proverbs selected for the present study are collected from the elderly villagers of Shimla District using various folkloric methods of interaction, informal conversation, and participant observation. The selected proverbs in this paper have been transliterated as per the International Organisation for Standardization 15919. The literal meaning of the words have then been provided in English for better understanding. Subsequently, the proverbs have been translated into English for their contextual analysis and interpretation. Efforts have been made, wherever possible, to provide an idea of the rhythm of the original proverbs by using certain rhetorical devices such as internal rhyme and alliteration.

Himachali Folk Songs Ainchaliya

2025-07-19T12:33:10+0530

The elements of music are all around us, from the chirping of birds to the rhythmic rustle of leaves, the murmuring flow of rivulets and the falling droplets of rain; it can be felt everywhere. It is an intrinsic part of creation itself. Even long before the development of spoken language, humans danced and sang to express their emotions and communicate. As human societies evolved, the essence and form of music also evolved. Humans began to align their musical compositions with societal needs, ideals, and aspirations. Ainchaliyas, a distinctive genre of folk songs rooted in the cultural heritage of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh is a fine example of this. Though these songs were traditionally performed during pre-wedding festivities, they served a greater purpose by catering to the moral, spiritual, and educational needs of the society. They were informal yet impactful means of imparting Indian philosophical knowledge to the commoners. This article explores the lyrical themes, performative contexts, and cultural significance of the folksongs, Ainchaliyas. It situates them within societal transformations and explores their role as repositories of Indian philosophy and knowledge. It also examines the contemporary challenges that threaten their survival. Through detailed documentation of the artistic and social dimensions of Ainchaliyas, the paper underscores their importance as cultural artefacts and stresses the urgent need to preserve this living tradition.

The Linguistic Heritage of Himachal Pradesh

2025-07-19T12:50:05+0530

The paper examines the linguistic heritage of Himachal Pradesh, arguing for the classification of the region’s diverse dialects under the umbrella term “Himachal? Pahari language. The study critiques George Grierson’s historical classification system, which excluded key dialects such as Kangri, Kahluri, Lahauli, and Kanavari from the Pahri language family. Through detailed analysis of eleven major sublanguages and their subsidiary units, the paper demonstrates that despite significant variations in grammatical structures and formulations, these dialects share underlying cultural-geographical unity that justifies their collective classification. The research highlights the rich folk literature developed across these dialects as evidence of a common cultural foundation. The proposed inclusive classification aligns with the vision of Himachal Pradesh’s founding figures, who recognized language as a fundamental unifying marker for the region’s diverse communities, and better reflects the sociolinguistic reality of the region, where geographical proximity and shared cultural practices often supersede strict linguistic taxonomies.

Narrative and Wisdom Heritage in Indian Knowledge Systems: A Study of the Pañcatantra

2025-07-19T13:03:41+0530

Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) comprises the rich, tangible and intangible heritage developed, evolved, and practised in the Indian subcontinent. Oral traditions have served as significant pedagogical tools to transfer knowledge from one generation to another. Pañcatantra is one of the most celebrated and widely disseminated storytelling traditions in the world. The text is considered to be part of N?ti ??stra. The present study intends to explore the Pañcatantra as a didactic text. The purpose is to unearth its potential to impart complex lessons. The engaging animal fables disseminate lessons about strategic thinking, decision-making, governance, and conflict resolution. By exploring the narrative and thematic structures, the study highlights the continuing relevance of the text in contemporary society. This paper contends that the text functions as a means of moral illustrations as well as a cognitive framework to cultivate emotional intelligence and situational judgment. The study generates an appeal to consider the incorporation of IKS-based stories in contemporary
educational curricula and professional development, stating that these ancestral wisdom traditions provide an appropriate response to the increasing demand for values-based leadership and sustainability in a complex world. Through select stories and their interpretations, the paper portrays the timeless relevance of the narrative and wisdom heritage of Pañcatantra, offering practical solutions and ethical guidance to contemporary social, educational, and corporate contexts.

Jaisa Anna, Waisa Mana

2025-07-19T13:22:38+0530

The Upanishadic dictum, “Food is the Supreme Being” (Anna Brahma), asserts a metaphysical recognition of sustenance as an embodiment of the divine. Food, thus, transcends its material necessity, representing a spiritual communion with the cosmos, embodying the cyclical processes of nature and the divine energy that underpins existence. This understanding reflects the profound significance of food in Indian thought, suggesting that consumption is not merely an act of survival but a conscious engagement with the universe’s larger order. This paper critically examines how the sacred and philosophical dimensions of food in Upani?adas (500 BCE), popular North Indian idioms, and Indian fiction intersect with contemporary discussions on sustainability, particularly in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2: Zero Hunger, SDG 10: Reduced Inequality, SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 12: Responsible Consumption, and SDG: 15 Life on Land). The wisdom embedded in traditional food culture offers an indigenous framework for understanding ecological balance, resource management, and societal well-being. By conducting a close cultural reading of the texts, the paper seeks to uncover how these narratives offer profound insights into addressing modern sustainability crises, environmental degradation, and communal harmony. In today’s globalized world, where the challenges of climate change and sustainable development are urgent, the revival of traditional Indian knowledge systems through interdisciplinary research emerges as a critical pathway toward achieving global sustainability and ecological equilibrium.

Towards Decolonization of Knowledge

2025-07-19T13:32:15+0530

Decolonization endeavours to redefine the concept of global justice as a process aimed at reclaiming what was lost due to colonization. It underscores the epistemological effects of colonization while advocating for the contextualization of knowledge based on cultural realities, needs, and values. Proponents of decolonization emphasize that while some truths may be universal, others are intrinsically tied to specific cultures. While agreeing with this understanding, the present paper recognizes the significance of cultural contexts in the advancement of knowledge and centres its discussion on the concept of knowledge itself. The arguments put forth are framed around two central themes: First, the dominance of a singular Western-centric knowledge perspective has adversely affected the broader understanding of knowledge. Second, to achieve a more authentic purpose of knowledge about reality, it is essential to champion “epistemological freedom” and “cognitive justice.” To examine the meaning of knowledge and to redefine its purpose within a cultural framework, the present paper focuses on questions like what the meaning should be and what the purpose of knowledge is and what means can be employed to achieve this purpose. By engaging with these epistemological inquiries, the paper situates its discussion within the context of decolonization. To analyze fundamental philosophical concepts of knowledge within Hindu civilization, particularly through the lens of Akshap?da Gautama’s Ny?ya Dar?anam (hereafter referred to as Gautama), the paper uses hermeneutics, interpretation, and content analysis as the method. As one of the six Dar?anas (systems) of ?stika Dar?ana (discussed as a part of Hindu philosophy), Ny?ya Dar?ana is considered particularly important due to its comprehensive exploration of logic and epistemology that further identifies and examines objects’ essential nature and their relationships with the universe. Significantly, by elucidating Gautama’s contributions, this paper aspires to foster a deeper understanding of alternative epistemological frameworks and their relevance in contemporary contexts.

The Intellectual Tradition of Mathematics in Ancient India

2025-07-19T13:40:31+0530

The mathematical heritage of ancient Bharat represents one of the most enduring and sophisticated intellectual traditions in human history, tracing its origins to the earliest civilizations of the Indian subcontinent. Archaeological and textual evidence demonstrates a continuous development of mathematical thought extending approximately five millennia, with numerous conceptual innovations that demonstrate remarkable parallels to modern mathematical principles and methodologies. The intrinsic relationship between mathematical inquiry and the cultural fabric of ancient Indian civilization is reflected through an extensive corpus of astronomical texts, architectural treatises, and philosophical works that incorporated advanced mathematical reasoning. This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of the mathematical innovations originating in ancient Bharat, analyzing their development, applications, and enduring influence on the global mathematical tradition.

Ethnographic Study of Traditional Practices among the Panchmahal Bhil and Other Indian Tribes

2025-07-19T11:56:53+0530

This research paper examines the traditional knowledge and practices of the Panchmahal Bhil tribe, a prominent indigenous community in Gujarat, India. It compares them with those of other tribal groups across the country. The study documents their agricultural practices, healthcare knowledge, customs and sacred rituals, highlighting their role in sustainable development and biodiversity conservation. Traditional knowledge, passed down through generations, is an integral part of these communities’ identity and survival, offering sustainable solutions often overlooked by modern science and technology. The paper emphasizes the importance of preserving traditional knowledge in the face of socio-economic pressures and environmental changes, offering recommendations for integrating this knowledge into broader development frameworks. Case studies of the Santhal and Gond tribes illustrate India’s indigenous heritage’s diverse yet interconnected nature. Through this comprehensive examination, the paper aims to contribute to the broader discourse on the value of traditional knowledge and its role in achieving sustainable development goals. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges these communities face in preserving their traditional knowledge systems amidst modernity and suggests actionable strategies for their preservation and revitalisation, ensuring that these invaluable practices are not lost but integrated into contemporary development models.

Traditional Knowledge Systems of the Pangwal Community in Himachal Pradesh:

2025-07-19T12:15:52+0530

Indigenous peoples globally possess rich traditional knowledge systems deeply connected to their cultural identities, historical heritage, and spiritual practices. Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) encompasses practical skills, cultural values, and spiritual insights developed over generations, rooted in oral transmission, experiential learning, and adaptive resilience. It enables communities to thrive in diverse ecological contexts. Unique farming practices and traditional agricultural systems, integral to Indigenous cultures, economies, and beliefs, reflect holistic environmental understanding. However, modernity, marked by liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation (LPG), has disrupted these systems, creating
tensions between economic development and traditional environmental sustainability. Case studies highlight the need for balanced approaches that respect ITK while addressing modern challenges. ITK plays a critical role in naturopathy, biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation, resource utilisation, and preserving cultural heritage. It offers valuable insights into local ecosystems, species behaviour, and sustainable practices, supporting environmental sustainability and enhancing community resilience amidst socio-political changes. This study advocates integrating ITK into contemporary policies to address conflicts between traditional and modern systems caused by LPG. Respecting Indigenous sovereignty, fostering intergenerational knowledge transfer, and bridging gaps between traditional and commercial practices can create sustainable development pathways. Urgent efforts are needed to incorporate Indigenous

Integrating Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Sustainable Water Management:

2025-07-19T12:33:34+0530

Indigenous communities in India have developed sophisticated water management practices that have sustained their livelihoods and ecosystems for centuries. This paper explores how traditional ecological knowledge systems contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly relevant SDGs focusing on water management (SDG 6), sustainable communities (SDG 11), and climate action (SDG 13). Focusing on case studies such as the Zabo system in Nagaland and the Kul system in Himachal Pradesh, the paper examines how these practices offer sustainable alternatives to contemporary water management challenges. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern technology, we argue that these indigenous practices can be vital in addressing water scarcity, climate resilience, and environmental sustainability. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy integration and community based approaches to preserve and utilize this traditional knowledge for broader environmental governance and sustainable development.

The Jhankri Tradition of the Darjeeling Himalaya:

2025-07-19T12:54:04+0530

This paper examines the traditional indigenous healing system known as the Jhankri practice in the Darjeeling Himalayas, emphasizing its cultural significance, accessibility, and role in healthcare. Jhankris, or faith healers, are believed to mediate between the spiritual and physical realms to diagnose and treat ailments through rituals, chants, and herbal remedies. Despite the availability of modern healthcare facilities, many individuals, both rural and urban, continue to rely on Jhankris due to cultural beliefs, economic constraints, and limited healthcare infrastructure. The research employs ethnographic and case study methodologies, including interviews, surveys, and participant observation, to explore the persistence of Jhankri healing within the Gorkha community. Findings highlight the coexistence of formal and informal medical systems, demonstrating how medical pluralism persists due to socio-economic factors, cultural identity, and faith in traditional healing methods. Additionally, the paper sheds light on the political and social influences that sustain the practice, as well as the challenges it faces in the modern era. The paper underscores the need for documentation and further exploration of such traditional healing systems, ensuring their role in contemporary healthcare discourse.

Indigenous Knowledge and Rare Traditions of Western India’s Janjati Communities

2025-07-19T13:05:44+0530

The distinctive survival patterns used in the tropical rain forests to the semi-arid and dry lands, set apart the tribal culture of western India from the rest of the countryside. The tribes stand by with a contingency plan comprising several ancient techniques to sustain in the characteristic natural habitat. The evolution of these practices proceeds the settlement age of tribes. Their ways of hunting water species, procuring horopter greens, single seed farming, hamlet guarding, etc., are a complex yet simple ritualistic composition of technical skills, religious beliefs and artistic forms. But these ancient forms of wisdom passed from ancestors in small morsels got gradually altered by modern inventions; hence, making them a rare practice. Fish hunting in the Mavchi groups of western India is an example of such a rare practice. The joy of going in groups for hunting small fishes, the pre-preparations of threshing the gooda (a type of rice crop grown in water), making special concoctions to faint the fishes, singing songs in one voice while pulling the chopdi (a traditional net) filled with hunted fishes back from the water, and then equally distributing them amongst the members of the community. All these practices have become the story of the past. Now, the entry of big hybrid fish in the market has lost the joy of community for striving together to catch the fish, whereas it has also impacted the growth of the smaller fish in the rivers. Likewise, this paper showcases various other indigenous practices of Dungri Bhils, Mavchis and Gond that have led to the dual impacts of losing the indigenous knowledge and heritage and affecting the regional biodiversity of the tribal land. The collection of rare practices in this paper is based on the extensive ethnographic field work conducted (2020-2023) amongst the Mavchi, Bhil and Gond janjati communities residing in the western part of India.

Lost Lands, Lasting Legacy:

2025-07-19T13:34:27+0530

Indigeneity, often regarded as the custodian of knowledge systems, continues to offer profound insights into sustainable living and cultural preservation. Among various such communities, a community that has demonstrated resilience and adaptation is the Sindhi community in India, which serves as the focus of this paper. This research explores how the Sindhi community has preserved its traditional knowledge despite these historical challenges, unrest and displacement. Utilizing doctrinal research and discussion with community members from different age groups and various places; the study reveals that, despite the impact of Partition, the Sindhi community continues to uphold traditional knowledge systems characterized by sustainability and harmony with nature. Key findings indicate that oral traditions, social customs, and culinary practices remain vital links to their ancestral heritage, although the decline of the written Sindhi language threatens the preservation of their full linguistic heritage. The paper underscores the urgent need for documentation and digitization efforts to safeguard these traditions amidst the pressures of globalization. Conclusively, it highlights the role of institutions and policy frameworks in protecting Sindhi culture and practices, offering insights into how these efforts can contribute to the survival of indigenous knowledge systems in the 21st century. By situating the Sindhi experience within the broader discourse on indigenous knowledge, this research emphasizes the universal importance of preserving cultural heritage to foster diversity, resilience, and continuity.

Safeguarding Traditional Knowledge in India:

2025-07-19T13:47:31+0530

Traditional Knowledge (TK) is an essential component of cultural heritage, embodying the collective wisdom, practices, and innovations of indigenous and local communities. Rooted in generational experience and closely tied to environmental and societal interactions, TK influences various domains, including agriculture, healthcare, and resource management. Despite its cultural and economic significance, TK has been increasingly vulnerable to misappropriation and biopiracy due to inadequate documentation and legal protection. This paper explores the role of digital documentation and preservation in safeguarding TK, with a particular focus on the Indian scenario. India has emerged as a global leader in digitizing TK through initiatives such as the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), aiming to protect indigenous knowledge from unauthorized commercial exploitation. The study examines the challenges of defining ‘prior art’ in the context of TK within the patent system, highlighting the need for legal frameworks that recognize and safeguard community-held knowledge. Furthermore, the paper discusses various digital library initiatives and policy frameworks that facilitate the integration of TK into sustainable development efforts. By leveraging digital technologies, India not only ensures the preservation of its rich traditional heritage but also reinforces equitable access and benefit-sharing mechanisms for indigenous communities. The findings underscore the urgency of integrating intellectual property rights, community engagement, and digital strategies to create a sustainable and inclusive system for TK documentation and protection.

Deciphering Traditional Knowledge Systems for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

2025-07-19T14:02:12+0530

The concept of “Traditional Knowledge Systems” (TKS) pertains to the knowledge and practices of local communities developed over generations through a deep connection with the natural world and the interconnectedness between individuals and their environment. In today’s society, with global problems such as climate change, inequitable development, and resource depletion, TKS offers crucial insights well suited to achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This includes exploring, managing resources, and promoting practices, like sustainable agriculture and environmental protection, that contribute to social justice and community strength. Essentially, TKS are more than remnants of history, they are evolving repositories of insights that can help society deal with the intricacies of worldwide challenges. They can bring about solutions that are efficient, mindful, and considerate of cultural traditions and local contexts. By acknowledging and integrating TKS into our practices, we can strive towards building a future that benefits all. This paper addresses the challenge of integrating the TKS in policy decisions and proposes a modern scientific framework to support TKS in achieving global sustainability goals. It also shows the potential for TKS as a catalyst for change and a leader in biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation, ecosystem conservation, and water management-related challenges, which are increasingly in the context of sustainable and inclusive futures. It has pictured how indigenous agriculture, water conservation, and ecosystem management can achieve sustainability, social well being, and community management by decoding the underlying principles imbibed in these knowledge systems. In addition, the paper argues that if we truly understand TKS’s potential, it is essential not just for enabling environmental sustainability but also for preserving cultural diversity, nurturing resilient societies, and realizing global sustainability targets.

Weaving Wisdom

2025-07-19T14:13:44+0530

This study investigates the social aspects of traditional knowledge systems (TKS) and their role in promoting sustainability and communal well-being. TKS encompasses various disciplines, including art, architecture, agriculture, ecology, healthcare, and economic development. It is deeply rooted in cultural history and wisdom that has been passed down through generations. By utilizing secondary data sources such as academic research, governmental documents, historical records, and case studies, this study aims to assess the relevance of traditional practices in contemporary society. The primary objectives are to explore how TKS fosters social cohesion, cultural identity, and inclusivity while also contributing to resource management, environmental sustainability, and climate resilience. Additionally, the research examines how traditional practices empower marginalized communities by promoting self-reliance and providing alternative means of subsistence. A critical analysis of secondary data reveals the adaptive strategies embedded in TKS, highlighting their potential for integration into modern policy frameworks. This study underscores the necessity of preserving and revitalizing traditional knowledge to tackle pressing global challenges, such as economic inequality, public health crises, and climate change, by bridging the gap between traditional wisdom and contemporary governance. By analyzing case studies of successful implementations across diverse sociocultural contexts, the research also evaluates the contribution of TKS to sustainable development. Ultimately, this research aims to enhance understanding of traditional knowledge as a vital tool for improving sustainability and resilience in an increasingly interconnected world. Through a sociological lens, it emphasizes the importance of incorporating traditional wisdom into policy-making and sustainable development initiatives to ensure a more equitable and ecologically balanced future.

Bridging Cultures and Disciplines

2025-07-19T14:06:03+0530

This research paper examines the various ways and methods by which traditional knowledge may be integrated into the existing education systems for the purpose of being more culturally sensitive and inclusive, as well as being more global in nature. The research focuses on different situations where this model has been put into practice, discusses the problems encountered, and recommends ways of doing it more effectively. Ultimately, this paper calls for educational systems that respect and conserve traditional knowledge and consequently improve the relevance of the learning approaches to different students.

Rethinking the Idea of Indigeneity

2025-07-19T13:58:47+0530

The concept of indigeneity has traditionally been linked to the rights and identities of the world’s first peoples, framed within colonial histories and socio-political struggles. This paper reconceptualizes indigeneity as a multifaceted and evolving framework that integrates cultural, historical, and contemporary dimensions, specifically examining how globalization, environmental change, and intersectionality reshape indigenous identities. Through case studies from diverse regions, including India’s Adivasi communities, Native Americans, and Indigenous groups in Africa and the Pacific, it highlights the dynamic nature of indigenous identity. The research critiques simplistic indigenous/non-indigenous binaries and advocates for a nuanced understanding grounded in the lived realities of indigenous peoples. Specifically, it examines the role of traditional knowledge systems in Jharkhand, India, focusing on community forest governance among the Munda Adivasi to illustrate how indigeneity intersects with colonialism, decolonization, globalization, gender, and class. The paper finds that recognizing and supporting indigenous traditional knowledge systems is essential for fostering social justice, cultural preservation, and sustainable development. Ultimately, it argues for rethinking indigeneity as a relational and participatory process that reimagines power dynamics and fosters shared futures in an interconnected world, recommending inclusive policymaking and further research.