Kashmir in Indo-US Relations

Historical Context, Strategic Magnitudes, and Contemporary Challenges

Abstract

Kashmir remains one of the most insistent challenges in Indo-US relations, evolving from a Cold War irritant to a complex diplomatic issue in the current strategic partnership. This paper examines the historical path of American policy toward the Kashmir dispute from 1947 to 2021, analysing how changing geopolitical contexts, strategic priorities, and bilateral dynamics have shaped US approaches to this combative issue. Through a sequential analysis of US presidential administrations, this paper establishes that while early American neutrality and Pakistan-centric policies created significant tensions with India, the post-Cold War era witnessed a gradual shift toward recognising Kashmir as a bilateral matter between India and Pakistan. The paper argues that despite this evolution, vital differences continue, mainly regarding human rights concerns and arbitration roles. The methodology uses historical analysis of diplomatic documents, policy statements, and bilateral agreements. Key findings show that Kashmir's role in Indo-US relations has transformed from a primary hindrance to a controllable challenge in the broader planned alliance, though current developments following the 2019 constitutional changes have reignited American Congressional concerns. The paper concludes that effective management of the Kashmir issue requires continued diplomatic engagement, respect for India's
sovereignty, and focus on shared strategic interests while handling the genuine humanitarian concerns.