Traditional Knowledge Systems of the Pangwal Community in Himachal Pradesh:

An Empirical Study

Abstract

Indigenous peoples globally possess rich traditional knowledge systems deeply connected to their cultural identities, historical heritage, and spiritual practices. Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) encompasses practical skills, cultural values, and spiritual insights developed over generations, rooted in oral transmission, experiential learning, and adaptive resilience. It enables communities to thrive in diverse ecological contexts. Unique farming practices and traditional agricultural systems, integral to Indigenous cultures, economies, and beliefs, reflect holistic environmental understanding. However, modernity, marked by liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation (LPG), has disrupted these systems, creating
tensions between economic development and traditional environmental sustainability. Case studies highlight the need for balanced approaches that respect ITK while addressing modern challenges. ITK plays a critical role in naturopathy, biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation, resource utilisation, and preserving cultural heritage. It offers valuable insights into local ecosystems, species behaviour, and sustainable practices, supporting environmental sustainability and enhancing community resilience amidst socio-political changes. This study advocates integrating ITK into contemporary policies to address conflicts between traditional and modern systems caused by LPG. Respecting Indigenous sovereignty, fostering intergenerational knowledge transfer, and bridging gaps between traditional and commercial practices can create sustainable development pathways. Urgent efforts are needed to incorporate Indigenous