Universal Human Values at the Core of Ancient Governance Traditions

Abstract

Universal human values have been central to the governance traditions of ancient civilizations, serving as the moral compass for leadership and administration. In ancient Indian philosophy, Dharma represents the moral and ethical framework that sustains order, harmony, and justice in society. It is not merely a religious or spiritual concept but a guiding principle for governance and societal well-being. In the context of good governance, Dharma emphasizes
the ruler’s duty to uphold justice, protect the weak, and ensure the welfare of all. It serves as a reminder that governance is not about power but about responsibility and service to the people. A dharmic approach to governance aligns with universal human values such as fairness, compassion, and truthfulness. It demands that leaders act with integrity, protect the rights of individuals, and work toward creating a society where every person can flourish. Dharma also calls for collective responsibility, urging citizens to contribute to societal harmony and hold their leaders accountable. By rooting governance in Dharma, the focus shifts to ensuring equality, promoting ethical conduct, and fostering a sense of unity and shared purpose. This principle remains timeless, offering a framework for leaders and societies to achieve peace, prosperity, and justice in alignment with universal human values. This article explores how ethical principles such as justice, compassion, equality, and righteousness were woven into the political frameworks of ancient societies. In India, texts like the Ramayana and Mahabharata highlighted the importance of Dharma (righteousness) in governance, advocating for justice and welfare for all. Dharma, as described in texts like the Manusm_rti1 encompasses universal values such as Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Sauca (purity), and Indriyanigraha (control over the senses). These principles formed the moral backbone of ancient governance. By examining governance models from diverse cultural contexts, the article will illustrate how ancient civilizations prioritized universal human values to create stable and fair societies. This paper will primarily draw examples from three ancient texts— the Arthasastra and the epics R"am"aya]na and Mahabharata. These texts will be analysed in three separate sections to support the arguments presented in the paper. One paragraph will be added before conclusion comparing the universal value system in ancient Indian governance systems with the universal value system of ancient Chinese governance systems.